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Background & objectives: Research studies in the 1970s reported that in pre-school children, undernutrition increased the risk of infections and infections aggravated undernutrition. Over decades, there has been a reduction in prevalence of undernutrition and improvement in access to healthcare for treatment of infections. A mixed longitudinal study was undertaken to assess whether over time there were any changes from the earlier reported effect of undernutrition prior to infection on the risk of morbidity and effect of morbidity on nutritional status in pre-school children. Methods: Pre-school (0-59 months of age) children from urban low- and middle-income families whose parents were willing to allow their participation in the study were enrolled. Information on sociodemographic profile of the families was collected at enrolment. Weight of all children and length in infants were recorded every month; length/height in children 12-59 months of age was recorded once in three months. Morbidity information was collected through fortnightly visits. Results: 3888 pre-school children were followed up in 74636 home visits. Among these children, underweight and wasting were associated with a small increase in risk of infections. The odds ratio for risk of infection for underweight children was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.16) and for wasting was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.08 to 1.29). The deterioration in Z scores for weight-for-age and body mass index-for-age in children during illness and convalescence was small but significant (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: The increased risk of infections in undernourished children living in overcrowded tenements in areas with poor environmental hygiene was not significant, perhaps because the risk of infection in normally nourished children was also high. The deterioration in nutritional status following infection was small because of the ready access to and utilization of health and nutrition care.
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OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to assess the relationship between the body composition of children aged 3-5 years and breastfeeding status and duration.@*METHODS@#The study was conducted using data from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children 0-17 years of age in China (CNHSC), a nationwide cross-sectional study. Breastfeeding information and potential confounders were collected using standardized questionnaires administered through face-to-face interviews. The body composition of preschool children was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A multivariate linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between breastfeeding duration and body composition after adjusting for potential confounders.@*RESULTS@#In total, 2,008 participants were included in the study. Of these, 89.2% were ever breastfed and the median duration of breastfeeding was 12 months (IQR 7-15 months). Among children aged 3 years, the height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) for the ever breastfed group was lower than that for never breastfed group (0.12 vs. 0.42, P = 0.043). In addition, the weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) of the ever breastfed group was lower than that of the never breastfed group (0.31 vs. 0.65, P = 0.026), and the WAZ was lower in children aged 4 years who breastfed between 12 and 23 months than in those who never breastfed. Compared to the formula-fed children, the fat-free mass of breastfed infants was higher for children aged 3 years (12.84 kg vs. 12.52 kg, P = 0.015) and lower for those aged 4 years (14.31 kg vs. 14.64 kg, P = 0.048), but no difference was detected for children aged 5 years (16.40 kg vs. 16.42 kg, P = 0.910) after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant difference was detected in the weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), body mass index (BMI)-for-age Z-score (BAZ), fat-free mass index, and body fat indicators in the ever breastfed and never breastfed groups and among various breastfeeding duration groups for children aged 3-5 years.@*CONCLUSION@#No obvious associations were detected between breastfeeding duration, BMI, and fat mass indicators. Future prospective studies should explore the relationship between breastfeeding status and fat-free mass.
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Infant , Female , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Child , Adolescent , Breast Feeding , Prospective Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Body Mass Index , Body CompositionABSTRACT
Currently under- and over-nutrition are public health problems in Indian children. A community-based study in 3249 children was undertaken to assess the magnitude of intra-family differences in nutritional status between pre-school and school age children from urban low middle income families. Length/height and weight were measured; nutritional status was computed using WHO Anthro and Anthro Plus software. One-fourth of children were stunted, 1/5th underweight, 1/10th wasted and less than 5% were overweight. Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was higher in children whose elder siblings were stunted, underweight or wasted. However, majority of the younger siblings of under-nourished elder siblings were normally nourished; majority of the elder siblings of undernourished younger sibling were normally nourished. In view of this, it is essential to screen all children, identify those who are under- or overnourished using BMI-for-age and provide appropriate interventions.
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Objective: We aimed to assess hepatitis B vaccination coverage (vaccine coverage) among preschool children in Libreville, Gabon, and determine associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done evaluating hepatitis B vaccination records, by cluster random sampling of children aged 4 months to 5 years from 5 medical centres Results: Of the 500 children (243 males) included, we found a hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 78.6% (95% CI 75% to 82.2%). Factors significantly associated with vaccine coverage included parental confidence in the vaccine (OR=2.2;95% CI 1.4-5.5), the number of children at home lower than the median (aOR=1.6; 95% CI ; 1.3-3.7). and working mothers/fathers. Conclusion: Hepatitis B vaccine coverage in Libreville is lower than WHO objectives. Healthcare providers have a crucial role in building up confidence among parents.
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Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados del estudio sobre habilidades mentalistas en niños preescolares argentinos. Su interés reside en la importancia que revisten los logros conceptuales en el desarrollo de la Teoría de la Mente y el método adecuado para medirlos, dada la escasez de estudios sobre el tema en el ámbito local. Con un diseño descriptivo transeccional se examinaron 105 niños (4 a 6 años de edad) con la Escala de Teoría de la Mente de Wellman y Liu (2004), compuesta por 7 tareas diferenciadas, adaptada al español rioplatense. Entre los resultados de este estudio se destaca que, al igual que los hallazgos reportados por los autores de la escala, los porcentajes de respuestas correctas aumentan con la edad cronológica y disminuyen de acuerdo a la complejidad de la tarea. La secuencia y la dificultad creciente de las tareas son consistentes, aunque tal como lo proponen Wellman y Liu es necesario limitar las siete tareas originalmente propuestas a cinco, para ajustarse a los requerimientos de un escalograma. Los porcentajes de respuestas correctas hallados son menores a los encontrados en la investigación original teniendo en cuenta, además, que no se incluyeron niños de 3 años. La escala resulta un instrumento adecuado en la medida que proporciona evidencia empírica de la complejidad de las habilidades involucradas, así como de su progresión, imposibles de ser aprehendidas a través de una tarea única, tal como sucede en las evaluaciones que incluyen solo tareas de falsa creencia.
Abstract This work introduces the results obtained in the study of mentalizing skills in pre-school Argentine children. Interest in this lies on the importance of conceptual achievements marking the normal development of the Theory of Mind (TM) and the appropriate way to measure them, and on the lack of studies on the subject in the region. The TM is understood as the capacity to infer emotions, beliefs and desires, and to use such inferences to predict and explain one's behavior as well as that of others. This theory has been studied thoroughly for the past 40 years due to its implications for communicative competence and social interaction, given that if a child fails to understand the relations between behavior and mental states, he or she will have difficulties understanding social situations in everyday life. Its assessment has changed based on how this theory has been conceptualized in connection with its birth and development. The initial conception, which considered it as a single capacity acquired once and for all, was replaced by a more gradualist approach. This enabled the enlargement of the notion of TM to a series of increasingly elaborate and flexible conceptual acquisitions formed throughout a child's psychological development. Based on the hypothesis that a series of mentalist achievements following a predictable sequence occur during a child's normal development, Wellman and Liu (2004) designed a scale which operationalizes the TM. The instrument, which was to be used with pre-school children, consisted of 7 tasks which examine various skills: 1. Diverse desires, 2. Diverse beliefs, 3. Knowledge access, 4. Contents false belief, 5. Explicit false belief, 6. Belief-emotion and 7. Real-aparent emotion. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained with Wellman and Liu's TM Scale in pre-school children living in the city of La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), and to compare them against the results obtained by the authors. With a cross-sectional descriptive design, 105 children aged between 4 and 6 were tested using the TM Scale adapted to Rioplatense (River Plate) Spanish. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI III) was also used in order to check intellectual level and exclude the protocols of the children who scored below 70 in the Total IQ. Among the results of this study, as well as the findings reported by the authors of the scale, it is noteworthy that the percentage of right answers increases with chronological age and decreases in relation to task complexity. The sequence and the increasing difficulty of the tasks are consistent, however, as proposed by Wellman & Liu, it is necessary to limit the original 7 tasks to 5, to conform with the requirements of a scalogram within the ages taken into consideration. The percentages of correct answers found in this study are lower than those found in the original investigation, taking into account, in addition, that 3 years old children were not included. The scale constitutes an adequate instrument in that it provides empirical proof of the complexity of the skills involved as well as of their progression, both of which are impossible to apprehend through a single task, as is the case of the assessments including only false belief tasks. All in all, the differences found in the performance of the participants included with respect to the original study require further research in not only cross-sectional but also longitudinal studies of clinical and non-clinical populations.
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Background: Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting is a complex activity that includes much specific behavior that works individually or together to influence child's outcomes.Methods: It is prospective observational study carried out in the Department of Pediatrics, Shyam Shah Medical College and associated Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India during the period from July 2008 to June 2010. Parents were interviewed with predesigned proforma. Parenting was graded in to three grades (1, 2 and 3) according to the performance of parents in various aspects of parenting.Results: In this study, 60 parents had 155 children constituting 2.5 children per family and male to female ratio was 1.18:1. We observed that literate parents performed well in all aspects of parenting (i.e. behavioral, physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, nutritional), but illiterate parents could not score on these points especially in spiritual and nutritional aspects. 33% graduate parents fulfilled the criteria for grade 3 parenting in nutritional aspects, 55% intermediate passed parents in nutritional aspects were in grade 3, whereas there were more than 50% parents in behavioral, physical and emotional aspects who had education level up to primary class.Conclusions: Educational status of parents has a positive impact on almost all aspects of parenting and the educational status of mothers appeared to be even more influential. Socioeconomic status of parents and residential area have a great influence on all aspects of parenting.
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Aims: To assess the Nutritional status of urban and semi-urban pre-school children of Dharwad, at baseline and after institutional supplementation. Study Design: Nutritional status of the pre-school children was assessed based on anthropometry and clinical examination. Urban pre-school children were treated as control and semi-urban pre-school children were supplemented with institutional food for three months (experimental). Nutritional status were measured before and after institutional food supplementation. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The experiment was conducted between July 2017 and July 2018. Methodology: A sample size of 100 pre-school children (3-6 years) were selected, out of which, 50 children from urban and another 50 children from semi-urban school were randomly selected from Dharwad district. Nutritional status of the pre-school children was assessed based on anthropometry and clinical examination. Nutritional status were measured before and after institutional food supplementation, in both schools. Results: Results revealed that, at baseline nutritional status were higher in urban pre-school children compare to semi-urban pre-school children, but after supplementing with the institutional food, significant improvement in anthropometric measurements were observed in semi-urban group and they were on par with the urban children in terms of nutritional status. Conclusion: The weight for age is an indicator of current nutritional status, whereas height for age is an indicator of past nutritional status, so height improvement was observed in urban group and weight improvement was observed in semi-urban group. Finally concluded that food intervention can go long way in changing the current malnutrition scenario.
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Background: Children with fever is a common and comprise a substantial proportion of the practice in outpatient department and emergency department. Little attention has been focused on the identification of urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile in infants and children in the emergency department, despite recent information that suggests a high prevalence of urinary tract infections and significant associated morbidity in these patients. The present study is undertaken to estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile preschool children (less than 5 years of age) in febrile children.Methods: Febrile children less than 5 years attending outpatient department or admitted in Department of Paediatrics were enrolled into the study. Children below 1 month and above 5 years; any child who has received antibiotics 48 hours prior to evaluation; children with known congenital genitourinary anomalies; and were excluded from the study. Children with symptoms suggestive of UTI were interviewed using structured case record form (CRF). All symptomatic children were referred for urine routine microscopy and culture tests.Results: The prevalence of culture positive cases for UTI was 6.36%. Male infants and female infants affected equally. But females affected more in the age between 1 years to 5 years as compared to males. Apart from fever, the commonest symptoms were dysuria, abdominal pain, vomiting, chills and rigors and loss of appetite. More than two-third of the patients with CP-UTI have E. coli as causative organism for UTI. Overall most sensitive antimicrobials were Ceftriaxone.Conclusions: UTIs in preschool children are often having vague and variable symptoms, often fever is the only symptoms. An untreated UTI can lead to subsequent damage and impairment of renal structure and function, it is very important to diagnose and treat UTI in preschool children.
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Background: Anemia affects individuals of both gender and all ages, there is a need for localized and age- and context-specific studies to improve our knowledge of prevalence patterns and associated risk factors of Indian population. The present study was done to determine the prevalence of and associated risk factors for anemia in under five-year-old children in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out among under five-year-old children suffering from anemia. For the diagnosis of anemia, WHO criteria for haemoglobin (Hb) threshold in different age group were used. The growth and development statuses of children were evaluated by WHO's Child Growth Standards 2006.Results: Total 240 anaemic children were enrolled into the study. Children of age group of between 2-5 years was more affected. A majority of the mother of anaemic children had primary level of school education. More than half of the children belong to lower socioeconomic classes (Class IV + Class V). Nutritional deficiency was the single most important causative factor in the development of anemia. Infectious diseases found to be more prevalent.Conclusions: Nutritional deficiency, particularly, iron deficiency is the leading cause of anemia in the present study. In addition to nutritional deficiency, socioeconomic factors like, gender, maternal education and SE class also play an important role in development of anemia.
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Abstract@#Introduction: Children in pre-schools are at high risk of getting infections due to overcrowding, minimal awareness of basic hygiene and lack of immunity against microorganisms. Hand hygiene practice should be started at home where parents set good example, followed by formal education in pre- schools, primary and secondary school. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive program on hand hygiene practice in pre-schools. This paper presents the developmental aspects of the program material and the results of its evaluation process in a selected pre-school. Methods: Stage of development involved preparation of song, lyric, video clip, infographic and tablet application. The module was introduced during an intervention day called ‘Healthy Hands’ day. The acceptance of the module was evaluated before and after the intervention day. Evaluation was done by assessing pre-school children by faceto-face interview about knowledge on hand hygiene techniques and routine, such as before or after certain activities. Results: We managed to compose a song in three languages (Malay, English & Arabic), produced a video clip, an infographic and tablet application. A total of 227 children participated. Post intervention evaluation showed significant (p<0.001) increase of knowledge for eight out of eleven handwashing steps. The knowledge on hand hygiene routine i.e. after toilet, after playing outdoor, after sneezing and after playing with pet was also increased significantly. Conclusion: This comprehensive knowledge transfer program significantly improved the children’s hand hygiene techniques and routine and is recommended to be integrated into pre-school curriculum.
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OBJECTIVE@#The aim of this study is to survey the need, the utilization, and the influencing factors of dental services for children in selected areas in Chongqing province by investigating their oral health status. The survey will provide references for preventive oral health care in targeted Chongqing areas, which may improve the level of oral health among pre-school children.@*METHODS@#Random cluster sampling was utilized according to standards of the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological sampling survey, and 1 300 children between the ages of three and four years old from 24 kindergartens in 12 subdistricts of three areas in Chongqing were interviewed for free dental checkups and to participate in the survey. The questionnaires were designed according to the Anderson model and were answered by the children's parents. The results were analyzed utilizing Chi-square test logistic regression.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence rate of caries among the pre-school children in selected areas of Chongqing was 55.4%, the decay, missing, filled surface (dmfs) was 6 696, the mean dmfs was 5.2, and the caries filling constituent ratio was 2.3%. A total of 1 173 questionnaires were analyzed. The ratio for seeing a dentist for therapeutic reasons was 6.31% (74/1 173) and for prevalence was 22.93% (269/1 173).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The oral health service needs of pre-school children in selected areas of Chongqing are large and the oral health service utilization rate is low. Oral health care processes are arduous; thus, targeted oral prevention policies should be created.
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Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Dental Care , Dental Caries , Dental Health Surveys , Oral Health , PrevalenceABSTRACT
@#Certain public service pre-school teachers have been trained as vision screeners of children. However, there are no studies that assessed the knowledge and skills retention of these screeners. This study determines the level of knowledge retention among pre-school teachers who have been trained to perform vision screening on children. In 2013, 180 KEMAS pre-school teachers were recruited in a vision screening training which included both theory and practical sessions. Teachers were assessed through a theory test which comprised of 15 questions, firstly a category on the preparations needed for vision screening and secondly on the implementation of vision screening. They were then asked to conduct pre-school vision screening annually at their working premises. In 2016, 136 teachers who had been involved in the earlier program were recruited as subjects in this study. All these subjects answered the same set of theory test questions used in 2013. The Student’s t-test result indicated that the mean theory test scores obtained by the pre-school teachers in 2013 (84.3 ± 7.8) differed significantly with the mean scores obtained in 2016 (67.5 ± 11.3) (p < 0.001). The mean scores in 2013 for questions in the first and second categories were 4.5 and 4.4, decreasing to 4.2 and 3.7 in 2016. The knowledge level of pre-school teachers thus decreased with time and this effect was found significant after 3 years. There is therefore a need to conduct re-certification training, so that the screening conducted by these pre-school teachers remains effective and in accordance with established standards.
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PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: Cuál será la superficie del timo obtenida mediante la ecografía comparados con mediciones antropométricas en niños y niñas preescolares de zonas periféricas, residentes de gran altitud? OBJETIVO: Establecer la comparación entre la superficie del timo obtenida a través de la ecografía y mediciones antropométricas en niños y niñas preescolares de zonas periféricas, residentes de gran altitud. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal con componente analítico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió a 94 preescolares de 3 a 6 años de edad, provenientes de zonas periurbanas de la ciudad de La Paz, Bolivia, a 3700 metros de altitud. Se realizó, examen clínico pediátrico, peso, talla, perímetro de cintura y cadera, perímetro cefálico, área muscular de brazo, área total de brazo, longitud de miembro inferior, longitud de hueso largo y se determinó por calorimetría indirecta el consumo de energía. Se realizó la ultrasonografía del timo. RESULTADOS: Se encontróun 20 % de retraso del crecimiento y la superficie del timo no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre varones y mujeres. Mediante el umbral de 350 mm2 de superficie del timo, el 55 % de los preescolares presentarían un inmunocompromiso, existiendo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con deterioro o menor kilocalorías/día, en el área muscular y total del brazo, e incremento del índice cintura/cadera. El indicador antropométrico Talla/Edad (T/E) presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con menor valor (-1.5 puntaje Z) en los preescolares inmunocomprometidos. Así mismo, talla, peso, longitud de miembro inferior, hueso largo, y el perímetro cefálico, fueron menores en los niños y niñas con inmunocompromiso. CONCLUSIONES: Preescolares de gran altitud de nivel socioeconómico bajo, presentaron inmunocompromiso, valorado mediante ecografía del Timo. Existe inmunocompromiso en más de la mitad de niños. Indicadores del crecimiento longitudinal infantil, como T/E, el crecimiento de hueso largo, de miembros inferiores, el perímetro cefálico, y el consumo energético en reposo por día estaban disminuidos en estos preescolares. La prevención primaria de factores de riesgo en la salud integral del preescolar deben ser el principal propósito, de alta prioridad, a ser cuidados en las políticas de salud infantil en nuestro medio de altitud.
RESEARCH QUESTION: Which will be the surface of the thymus obtained by ultrasonography compared with anthropometric measurements in pre-school children in peripheral areas of La Paz city, Bolivia? OBJECTIVE: To determine the comparation of the surface of the thymus obtained by ultrasonography compared with anthropometric measurements in pre-school children in peripheral areas of La Paz city, Bolivia DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with analytical component. METHODS: A study was conducted in periurban areas of La Paz city, of Bolivia at 3700 meters above sea level. The study included 94 pre-school children from 3 to 6 year´s old. A pediatric clinic examination and anthropometric measurements such as weight, length, head circumference, waist and hips circumferences, total arm area, muscular arm area, knee-heel lengths, inferior length; energy consumption was determinatedby indirect colorimetry and thymus ultrasonography. RESULTS: It was found stunting in 20% of pre-school children (Height for age Z-score< -2 SD), and the thymus ultrasonography did not show statistically significant differences in the measurements of thymus size for sex. The 350 mm2 size of the surface thymus identify 55% of the immune-compromise in pre-school children, existing statistically significant differences with less kilocalorie/day, at the total arm area, muscular arm area, and inversely with the waist/hips index. The Height for age index Z-score< -1.5 SD presented a statistically significant difference with minor values in immune-compromise pre-school children although with length, weight, inferior length, knee-heel lengths and head circumference. CONCLUSIONS: At high altitude environment, low socioeconomic level pre-school children showed immune-compromise by thymus ultrasonography evaluation, most of half presented it. These children have minor levels in the length, inferior length, knee-heel lengths, head circumference which are indicators of linear growth and the energy consumption. The primary prevention of risk factors in the global health of pre-school children is the priority of the public health policies in our altitude environment.
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Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Nutritional Status , Thymus GlandABSTRACT
Introducción. La transición que vive el país es de tipo no occidentalizada, por cuanto persisten problemas que no han sido solucionados (deficiencias nutricionales) con otros emergentes (sobrepeso y obesidad). Objetivos. Describir la presencia de coexistencia de desnutrición crónica (OC) con obesidad (O), anemia nutricional (AN) y deficiencia de vitamina A (OVA), así como de obesidad (O) con AN y OVA en niños menores de 5 años. Diseño. Análisis secundario de datos del MONIN 2007-2010. Lugar. Estudio nacional. Participantes. Niños menores de 5 años. Intervenciones. Un total de 3 764 niños fueron pesados y tallados. A 2 808 niños se les dosó hemoglobina (Hb) y a 1 524 retinol sérico. Se consideró AN una Hb debajo de 11 g/dL. Se tomó en cuenta las correcciones por altitud. El punto de corte de OVA fue un retinol sérico < de 20 ug/dL. Se estableció la DC y O con la relación talla/edad y peso/talla, con los niveles de corte de ≤ de 2 DE y ≥ de 2 DE, respectivamente, según la referencia de la OMS. El análisis fue con muestras complejas. Se calculó estadísticas descriptivas y regresión logística con IC del 95% y un nivel de significancia del < 0,05. Resultados. El 22,4% de DC era anémico, 21,7% presentó DVA y 4,8% obesidad. El ser anémico representó cuatro veces más riesgo de ser DC. El 5% de obesos fue anémico y 4,2% tuvo DVA; no se encontró asociación. Conclusiones. Se halló un escenario más complejo del que representan los problemas en forma individual, planteando un reto para las personas que tienen la responsabilidad de diseñar las políticas nutricionales, ya que amerita una nueva visión en el enfrentamiento de esta problemática, en especial en los Programas de Asistencia Alimentaria.
Introduction. Our country's transition is the non-westernized type, because problems that have not been solved persist (nutritional deficiencies) along with emerging problems (overweight and obesity). Objective. To describe the presence of coexisting chronic malnutrition (CM) with obesity (O), nutritional anemia (NA) and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and obesity (O) with NA and VAD in children under the age of 5. Design. Secondary analysis of the MONIN 2007-2010 survey. Setting. National study. Participants. Children under the age of 5. Interventions. A total of 3 764 children were weighed and measured. Hemoglobin dosage was obtained in 2 808 children, serum retinol in 1 524. Hb below 11 g/dL was diagnosed as NA. Correction by altitude was taken into account. The cutoff for VAD was serum retinol <20 ug/dL. The relation of CM and O with heightlage ratio and weightlheight, with cutting levels ≤ 2 SD and ≥ 2 SD, respectively, were done according to the WHO reference. Analysis used complex samples, descriptive statistics and logistic regression, calculated with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of <0.05. Results. 22.4% of CM were anemic, 21.7% presented VAD and 4.8% obesity. The risk of being anemic represented four times higher than the risk of being CM. 5% of the obese were anemic and 4.2% had VAD; no association was found. Conclusions. We found a scenario more complex than the one problems represent at an individuallevel. This poses a challenge to the people in charge of designing nutritional policies, since this deserves a new vision in the management of this issue, especially in the Food Assistance Programs.
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Introducción: La espirometría es el examen más utilizado para evaluar la función pulmonar. El año 2007 se publicaron guías que definieron criterios de aceptabilidad y repetibilidad para su realización e interpretación en preescolares. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las espirometrías de pacientes de este grupo etario según el cumplimiento de estos criterios. Pacientes y Método: Se revisaron las espirometrías basales de pacientes de 2 a 5 años realizadas en el Laboratorio de Función Pulmonar Pediátrico de la P. Universidad Católica de Chile derivados por tos o sibilancias recurrentes o persistentes. Se consideraron solo las obtenidas en pacientes que la realizaban por primera vez. Se analizaron según criterios internacionales. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 93 espirometrías (edad promedio 57,4 ± 8,6 meses, 48 varones): 44 (47%) tuvieron todos los criterios aceptables, 87 (93%) obtuvieron un tiempo espiratorio ≥ 0,5 segundos, 67 (72%) de los pacientes tuvieron un flujo espiratorio de final de espiración en valor ≤ 10% del flujo espiratorio máximo. La variabilidad de las mediciones de capacidad vital forzada (CVF) y volumen espirado al primer segundo (VEF1) fue muy baja (coeficiente de correlación intraclase > 0,9). Conclusión: En nuestro centro fue factible cumplir criterios de aceptabilidad y repetibilidad en espirometrías en preescolares, semejante a descripciones previas. Al igual que en niños mayores, se recomienda realizar este examen en preescolares que requieren estudio de la función pulmonar.
Introduction: Spirometry is the most used test to evaluate pulmonary function. Guidelines that defined acceptability and repeatability criteria for its implementation and interpretation among preschoolers were published in 2007. Our objective was to quantify the actual compliance with these criteria among pre-school patients. Methods: A review was performed on the baseline spirometry measured in patients aged 2 to 5 years in the Pediatric Respiratory Laboratory of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, who were admitted due to recurrent or persistent coughing or wheezing. Only those results obtained in patients who took the test for the first time were considered. They were analyzed by international standards. Results: A total of 93 spirometry results (mean age 57.4 ± 8.6 months, 48 males) were obtained, of which 44 (47%) met all acceptable criteria, 87 (93%) obtained expiratory time of ≥ 0.5 seconds, and 67 (72 %) of the patients had an end-expiratory flow of ≤ 10% from peak flow. The variation in the measurement of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was very low (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.9). Conclusion: It was possible to meet the acceptability and repeatability criteria for spirometry among pre-school children in our Center, which was similar to previous reports. As in older children, this test is fully recommended for pre-school children who require lung function studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Spirometry/methods , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Chile , Respiratory Sounds , Vital Capacity , Forced Expiratory Volume , Feasibility Studies , Cough/etiologyABSTRACT
Objetivos: Identificar los factores que influyen en la asistencia de los preescolares al servicio de dos módulos dentales públicos en Acapulco, Guerrero, e identificar las áreas de oportunidades para mejorar la atención dental. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal exploratorio en los alumnos de cuatro escuelas de nivel preescolar. Se aplicó un cuestionario auto administrado, los informantes fueron los padres o tutores de los preescolares. La variable resultado fue la asistencia de los preescolares a los servicios dentales públicos. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 336 alumnos de nivel preescolar. Uno de cada cuatro preescolares asistió a los servicios dentales del centro de salud en los últimos 12 meses. La falta de dinero fue la principal razón reportada para no llevar a los escolares sin seguridad social al servicio dental. La asistencia a la misma escuela el ciclo escolar anterior y que los padres se hayan atendido en el módulo dental estuvieron asociados al hecho de llevar a los preescolares al servicio dental. Conclusiones: El contacto previo de los usuarios con los servicios dentales, en la escuela o en la atención curativa, son factores que incrementan la probabilidad de uso de los servicios dentales de los escolares en los centros de salud.
Aim: The present articles purports the aim of identifying factors influencing pre-school children's attendance to the services of two public dental modules in the city of Acapulco, Guerrero, as well as identifying opportunity areas in order to improve dental care. Materials and methods: The present study was of a cross-section and exploratory nature. It was conducted on four pre-grade schools. A self-administered questionnaire was applied. Informers for the aforementioned questionnaire were the children's parents or tutors. Result variable was attendance of pre-school children to public dental services. Results: Data from 336 pre-school children were collected. One out of four pre-school children had attended dental services of the health center in the last 12 months. Lack of funds was the main reason mentioned for not bringing uninsured children to dental services. The facts of attending the same school during the former school year as well as parents having received treatment at the dental module, were influencing factors in the attendance of these pre-school children to the dental services. Conclusions: Users' previous contact with dental services in the school or in a dental office were factors which increased the likelihood of dental services use of preschool children at the health centers.
ABSTRACT
Se analizaron 74 muestras fecales pertenecientes a niños de ambos sexos de una institución educativa del municipio Maracaibo, estado Zulia con edades entre 3 y 11 años para determinar la prevalencia de Blastocystis sp. Cada muestra fue sometida a un examen coproparasitológico directo con solución salina 0,85%, tinción temporal de lugol y método de concentración formol-éter. La prevalencia de enteroparásitos en la población estudiada fue de 41,9%; de éstos 80,6% correspondió a Blastocystis sp. En relación a esta especie y su asociación al grupo etario, se reportó un mayor porcentaje de niños parasitados a los 10 años de edad (9,4%), mientras que el parasitismo por otras especies en toda la población estudiada presentó una prevalencia de 19,4%. La forma evolutiva vacuolar predominó, presentándose el mayor número de casos en heces pastosas. Se encontró relación significativa entre las variables parasitismo y edad, más no fue significativa al evaluar las variables parasitismo y sexo. La alta prevalencia de este protozoario en escolares plantea la necesidad de evaluar el comportamiento en la higiene alimentaria y el abastecimiento de agua.
Seventy four fecal samples obtained from children of both sexes at an educational institution of the Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, with ages between 3 and 11 years, were analyzed in order to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. Each sample was submitted to a direct coproparasitologic examination with an 0.85% saline solution, temporal lugol staining, and formalin-ether concentration method. Enteroparasite prevalence in the population studied was 41.9%, and of these, 80.6% corresponded to Blastocystis sp. Regarding this species and its association with an age group, a higher percentage of parasitized children was reported in the 10 years age group (9.4%), while parasitism by other species in all the population studied showed a 19.4% prevalence. There was predominance of the vacuolar evolutionary form, and the highest number of cases was seen in tarry stools. There was a significant relationship between parasitism variables and age, but not in the parasitism and sex variables. The high prevalence of this protozoan in school children indicates the need of evaluating the status of food and water supply hygiene.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de indicadores de riesgo de Caries de la infancia temprana (CIT) según datos socioeconómicos de los responsables primarios (RP) de niños preescolares. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transverso con componentes analíticos, en 92 RP de niños de 0 a 5 años que acudieron a consulta pediátrica en un hospital público y uno privado; y aceptaron participar del estudio. Fue elaborado un formulario semi-estructurado con 9 preguntas en relación a los responsables, 8 a los niños; el cual fue validado por especialistas. Las variables fueron: edad de los niños, nivel de educación, ingreso familiar, tipo de servicio odontológico y una selección de indicadores de CIT. La tabulación de datos se llevó a cabo en una planilla Excel 2010. Se hicieron análisis de frecuencia y asociación de variables (estadígrafo z) con un alfa = 0.05. Resultados: Tan solo 10 RP (10.86%) señalaron al Flúor como una sustancia capaz de fortalecer a las piezas dentarias. 89 de ellos (96.73%) reportaron experiencia pasada de padecimiento de Caries dental. Se encontró asociación estadística para: Motivo de consulta tratamiento con: Ingreso familiar (p=0.0002); Nivel de educación (p=0.004) y Tipo de servicio odontológico (p=0.00003) como así también para Creencia fatalista sobre salud oral con: Nivel de educación e ingreso familiar, ambos con valor p=0.04. Conclusión: Se verificaron elevadas frecuencias para algunos indicadores de riesgo de CIT, como también variación en la frecuencia de estos indicadores de riesgo según indicadores socioeconómicos utilizados, con algunas importantes asociaciones entre variables; datos que pueden influir en la identificación de pacientes de riesgo y en acciones para controlar la enfermedad .
Objective: To assess the frequency of risk factors for earlychildhood caries (ECC) according to socio-economic data of primary care-takers (PCTs) for pre-school age children. Material and Methods: We conducted an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with analytic components in 92 PCTs of children aged 0-5 years who consulted in the pediatric sections of 1 public and 1 private hospital and agreed to participate in the study. A semi-structured form validated by specialists was created with 9 questions related to the care-takers and 8 questions concerning the children. The variables studied were child age, educational level, family income, type of dental care performed, and selected ECC indicators. Tabulation of data was done using an Excel 2010 spreadsheet. Frequency analysis and variable association (Z test) were performed with á deemed to be 0.05. Results: Only 10 primary care-takers (10.86%) identified fluoride as a substance capable of strengthening teeth, while 89 (96.73%) reported a history of dental caries. Statistical association was found for: presenting complaint with family income (p=0.0002), education level (p=0.004), and type of dental care performed (p=0.00003); as well as between a fatalistic attitude toward dental health and educational level (p=0.04) and family income (p=0.04). Conclusion: A high frequency was found for some ECC risk indicators, as was a variation in the frequency of these risk indicators according to the socio-economic indicators used, with important associations found between variables, findings that can influence the identification of at-risk patients and disease management
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Dental Caries , Dental Caries/diagnosis , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
Objetivo: Elaborar um jogo digital sobre saúde bucal para crianças de 5 a 7 anos. Método: O jogo, que recebeu o nome de Dr. Trata Dente, se baseou na abordagem de três diferentes tópicos sobre saúde bucal: a) a placa bacteriana e as principais doenças por ela causadas; b) os métodos de higiene bucal para controle da placa bacteriana, e c) a cárie dental e suas medidas preventivas. Esses tópicos foram expostos sequencialmente, em três diferentes fases do jogo. O Dr. Trata Dente é representado pela figura de um dentista super-herói mirim, que conversa com as crianças sobre saúde bucal durante o jogo. Este é subdividido segundo suas proposições junto às crianças: associação, memória e pintura. Após seu desenvolvimento, o jogo foi analisado por três profissionais de cada área: Odontologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia (n=9), os quais observaram a adequação dos conceitos apresentados em relação à saúde bucal, às capacidades linguísticas trabalhadas, ao atendimento dos critérios didáticos pretendidos e à ludicidade. Resultados: De acordo com os cirurgiões-dentistas, os conceitos odontológicos emitidos estão adequados. Segundo os pedagogos, a escolha de um super-herói foi acertada e as explicações dadas estão bem elaboradas, mostram-se organizadas e com linguagem acessível, porém longas. Para os psicólogos, o jogo apresenta potencialmente um efeito positivo sobre o aprendizado das crianças, mas o personagem deve interagir mais com elas. Após a avaliação, modificou-se o jogo segundo as sugestões dos profissionais. Conclusão: Apesar das alterações sugeridas, o jogo apresenta-se adequado para o ensino de saúde bucal por meio da brincadeira.
Objective: The aim of this study was to develop an educational oral health digital game for 5-to-7-year-old children. Method: The game, called "Dr. Trata Dente", was based on the approach to three different oral health-related topics: a) bacterial plaque and the main diseases caused by it; b) oral hygiene methods for bacterial plaque control; c) dental caries and preventive measures for this disease. These topics were discussed in sequential order in three different stages of the game. Dr. Trata Dente is represented by the figure of a little super-hero dentist, who talks to the children about oral health during the game. The game is sub-divided according to its propositions to the children, into an association game, a memory game and a coloring game. After its development, the game was evaluated by three professionals of each of the following areas: Dentistry, Pedagogy and Psychology (n=9), who verified the suitability of the concepts presented in the game as regards oral health, linguistic abilities worked with the children, fulfillment of the intended didactic criteria, and the playful aspect of the game. Results: According to the dentists, the dental concepts presented in the game are adequate. According to the pedagogues, the choice of a super-hero was correct and the given explanations are well elaborated, organized and have accessible language, although long. For the psychologists, the game has a potential positive effect on the children's learning, but there should be more interaction of the character with the children. After this evaluation, changes were made in the game according to the professionals' suggestions. Conclusion: It was concluded that in spite of the suggested alterations, the game is suitable for teaching oral health by means of children's play.
Subject(s)
Creativity , Education, Dental , Play and Playthings , Child, Preschool/education , Oral HealthABSTRACT
Introduction: Anthropometry is widely accepted as low-cost technique for defining the nutritional status of children. The mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) is a fast screening method in detecting acute malnutrition and it is also a predictor of childhood mortality. Materials and Methods: This is the retrospective study to evaluate the nutritional status based on mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) among urban, pre-school age children. A total of 1060 children, aged 1 to 3 years, attending the vaccination clinic of the Indian Red Cross Society Paschim Medinipur Hospital over a two years period, were enrolled in the study. The measurement of MUAC (in centimetres) was taken by the standard technique. Undernutrition was defined based on age and sex-specific MUAC cut-off values as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Boys were higher level of mean MUAC than girls at all ages and there was no significant sex differences. The age-combined rate of overall undernutrition was 18.96% and it was slightly higher among the boys (19.38%) than girls (18.46%). The age-combined moderate undernutrition was higher among the boys (16.08% vs 14.11%) but girls’ value was higher in case of severe undernutrition (3.28% vs 4.35%). Conclusion: The present study showed that a remarkable number of pre-schooler was undernourished based on MUAC.